【同义词辨析】 2017-06-01 取消revoke-recall

revoke: implies a calling back that annuls or abrogates what was previously done: had his license ~d for ninety days.     (annul和nullify都表示官方正式废除，如to annul a treaty废除合约,to abrogate a privilege废除特权)


reverse: usually applies specifically to a high court's action in overthrowing a disputed law, decree, or court decision: the court of appeals ~d the opinion of the circuit court; when applied to actions or judgments of a non-judicial nature, it implies an upsetting of what was previously done: convinced the umpire to ~ his decision.    巡回法院  (decree法令: 个人颁布的命令: 如the Pope's decree that the next year will be the Holy year教皇颁布法令明年是"圣年"，有时候也可用于法院政府)


repeal: usually implies revocation of a law or ordinance by the legislative body that made it: ~ed the parking ban.  (ordinance: 地方性针对特定行为的法律，权力有限)


rescind: implies the exercise of proper authority in abolishing or making void: ~ed their earlier decision in a second vote.   (abolish指取消法律常规，如death abolition死刑废除) (rescind表示有权力取消废除，如Trump could rescind some congressional exemption 特朗普废除国会的一些豁免权)


recall: a less technical term, can replace any of the others: ~ a bid in bridge.       桥牌叫牌


revoke取消: 指官方正式的取消(call back)，reverse推翻: 指高等法院推翻(overthrow)有争议的法律法令决定，其它情况表示打乱(upset弄乱,如don't upset the sheets不要把床单弄乱)也就是取消，repeal撤销: 通常指立法机构取消自己制定的法律，rescind废除: 行使正当权力取消法律常规，recall收回: 专业性较弱，可替代其他各词(technical专业的，不要说成技术的，专业表示涉及专门知识，技术表示对专门知识的应用)。


记忆方法: 1）5个词都以词根re开头, re表示back往回<==取消


               2）取消的意思是之前做过某事之后将其废除mean to undo something previously done.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-02 唯一single-solitary

single: implies being unaccompanied or unsupported by, or not combined or united with any other: a ~ example will suffice.  


sole: applies to the only one that exists, acts, has power or relevance, or should be considered: my ~ reason for moving there.


unique: applies to the only one of its kind or character in existence: the medal is ~, for no duplicates were made.


separate: stresses discreteness, or disconnectedness, or unconnectedness from every other one: a country with a ~ set of problems. (discrete不同： 是看似接近连续实际分离不同的不同，如: two discrete problems are confused here把两个不同问题搞混了)


solitary: implies being BOTH single and isolated: television was her ~ link to the outside world.


particular: implies singular or numerical distinctness from other instances, examples, or members of a class: a very ~ kind of wine.   (singular有3个意思: 1非常突出, 2奇怪让人困惑,3单数，如 smile of singular sweetness非常甜美的微笑，singular feeling of impending disaster奇怪地感觉有灾难降临)  (numerical数字上的，没有译出)


single单一: 表示没有其它陪伴支持结合联合，sole唯一:  表示只有一个存在或行动有权相关应当考虑，unique独一无二: 只存在一个,(不像sole除可能表示只存在一个外，还可能表示存在多个但只考虑一个或只让一个起作用，unique则限定是只存在一个），separate单独各自:  强调分离不同(discrete)，与其他断开连接(disconnected)或从未连接(unconnected)，solitary也是唯一: 除了表示唯一还表示被隔绝(如solitary confinement单独关押，he is a solitary man他惯于独处)，particular独特: 和其他样本成员等非常不同。


记忆方法: 1）首字母SSSS UP想成四海升平<==唯一使命


               2）唯一的意思是一个而不是两个或更多mean one as distinguished from two or more or all others.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-05 拖拉pull-tug

pull: is the general term, BUT may emphasize the force exerted rather than the resulting motion: to open the drawer, ~ hard.


draw: implies a smoother, steadier motion and generally a lighter force than pull: a child ~ing his sled across the snow.  ==sledge雪橇雪车


drag: suggests great effort overcoming resistance or friction: ~ged the dead body across the room.


haul: implies sustained pulling or dragging, especially of heavy or bulky objects: a team of horses ~ing supplies.


tug: applies to strenuous often spasmodic efforts to move something: the little girl ~ged at her mother's hand.    (strenuous费力繁重的,如avoid strenuous exercise in the evening晚上不要剧烈运动)     (spasmodic间歇的: my husband's work was so spasmodic丈夫工作总是时忙时闲（即间歇性）)  


pull拉: 通用, 但强调用力而非结果，draw轻拉: 用力更轻也更顺利平稳，drag拖拉: 用大力气克服阻力抗拒(resistance抗拒,friction阻力)，haul拖拉: 长时间用力拖拉(dragging)质量重块头大物体，tug拽: 费力的拖拉，常间歇性。


记忆方法: 1）首字母PDDHT排序成TDPHD他的盆好大<==只能拖拉


              2）拖拉的意思是使...在外力的方向上移动mean to cause to move in the direction determined by an applied force.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-06 惩罚punish-correct

punish: implies the imposing of a penalty for violation of law, disobedience, or wrongdoing: ~ed for stealing.


chastise: may apply to either the infliction of corporal punishment or to verval censure or denunciation: ~d his son for neglecting his studies.  （inflict使承受苦难伤害等， inflict某人使别人遭受，afflict某物使别人遭受）   (censure正式批评, denounce公开批评，参见2017-04-14 批评criticize-denounce)


castigate: implies a severe, typically public lashing with words: an editorial ~ing the entire city council.    （lash鞭打怒斥: to hit with a whip，如they each received 20 lashes for stealing他们因盗窃每人挨了20鞭）

chasten: suggests any infliction or trial that leaves one humbled or subdued but improved or strengthened: a stunning election defeat that left him ~ed.


discipline: implies a punishing or chastising in order to bring or keep under control: the duty of parents to ~ their children.


correct: implies a punishing aimed at reforming an offender: the function of prison is to ~ the wrongdoer.


punish惩罚: 泛指施加惩罚(imposing of a penalty),由于违法不服过错等，chastise责罚: 体罚或训斥，castigate怒斥: 公开怒斥(severe,public lashing)，chasten惩戒磨练: 任何痛苦磨难，使人既谦卑贬抑(humbled谦虚,subdued压制)又改进加强，discipline管教: 惩罚责罚的目的是使受控，correct改正: 惩罚的目的是改变违反者(reform改革，是剧烈的改变drastic change)。


记忆方法: 1）首字母PCCCDC想成CCDCCP常常懂常常怕<==惩罚的目的


              2）惩罚的意思是由于做错事而惩罚 mean to inflict a penalty on in requital for wrongdoing.   (penalty惩罚是基础词,和punish来自同一词根PEN/PUN表示惩罚，如punitive,impunity豁免,penitentiary监狱)   


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-07 愉快pleasure-enjoyment

pleasure: stresses a feeling of satisfaction or gratification rather than visible happiness: take ~ in one's possessions. (happy幸福，基本意思就是satisfy满足或gratify心理满足)


delight: usually reverses this emphasis and stresses lively expression of obvious satisfaction: the delight of grandparents in a new grandchild.  


joy: may imply a more deep-rooted rapturous emotion than either pleasure or delight: felt a profound ~ at the sight.     （rapture喜悦：强烈的幸福和喜悦intense bliss or delight: in speechless rapture during the entire wedding在婚礼上感到无法言表的喜悦）


delectation: suggests amusement, diversion, or entertainment in relation to pleasurable experience: presented a variety of skits for their ~. (ade本身是一组同义词，amuse表示放松light，diversion表示转移注意力即散心，entertain表示准备、提供让人amuse和divert的东西称作娱乐)


enjoyment: stresses a gratification or happiness resulting from a pleasurable experience: derived great ~ from her books and her music.


pleasure愉快:  强调"感觉"满足满意,不强调是否表露在外，delight喜悦: 和上词相反,强调生动表达和明显满意(即强调表露在外)，joy也是喜悦: 比pleasure,delight更强烈深远(deep-rooted长期存在影响深远,如deep-rooted crime影响深远的罪行)，如欢乐颂ode to joy，delectation消遣:  表示愉快经历带来的轻松散心娱乐，enjoyment享受: 愉快经历给人带来满足，从这解释看和pleasure同样泛指愉快。


记忆方法: 1）首字母PDJDE重组成JD PED，其中JD想成京东，ped词根表示“脚”想成快递员<==愉快的京东快递员    (centipede: 蜈蚣白足虫，biped两足动物，如human is a biped人是二足动物)


               2）愉快的意思是得到想要东西的感觉 mean the agreeable emotion accompanying the possession or expectation of what is good or greatly desired. (agreeable和pleasant完全同意，都表示令人满意)


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-08 安排order-methodize

order: suggests a straightening out so as to eliminate confusion: ~ed her business affairs before going on extended leave.


arrange: implies a setting in a fit, suitable, or right sequence, relationship, or adjustment: a bouquet of elaborately ~d flowers.   (adjustment调整校准, to make small changes,如I've made a few adjustments to the design我对设计做了几处调整)


marshal: suggests a gathering or arranging in preparation for a particular operation, or for effective management or use: an argument won by carefully ~ed facts.


organize: implies an arranging so that the whole aggregate works as a unit in which each element has a proper place and function: ~d the volunteers into teams.


systemize: implies an arranging according to a definite and predetermined scheme: billing procedures that have yet to be ~d.  (scheme方案: 表示做事计划,强调完备有目标, 如schemes to help combat unemployment减少失业的方案)


methodize: suggests the imposing of an orderly procedure rather than a fixed scheme: ~s every aspect of her daily living.


order整理: 使有条理不混乱(straighten out"弄直捋顺")，arrange安排布置: 设置或调整使顺序关系合适恰当，marshal也是整理: 收集安排布置为使用、行动、管理做准备，organize组织:  使每个成员都有合适的位置功能，成为单一整体(unit), systemize系统化:  表示根据明确预定的方案去安排(即完备有目标)，methodize方法化: 强调流程(即有逻辑有顺序)，而非方案(流程强调顺序逻辑order,logic，方案强调系统和目标system,end，他们的区别也是methodize和systemize的区别)


记忆方法: 1）首字母重新排序成 AS MOON像月亮一样<==安排井井有条


               2）安排的意思是将人或物放入合适位置mean to put persons or things into their proper places in relation to each other.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-09 起源origin-provenance

origin: applies to the things or persons from which something is ultimately derived and often to the causes operating before the thing itself comes into being: an investigation into the ~s of baseball.   (derive源自: 表示之前以另一形式存在implies a prior existence in another form,如their system of justice derives from British colonial law他们司法体系源自英国殖民法律 ) (ultimate最终的无法超越的: the last degree or stage of a long process, beyond which further progress or change is impossible无法再发展变化, 如the ultimate collapse of civilization文明的最终毁灭)   cause起因，句中causes和之前的things or persons都是对origin的解释。


source: applies more often to the point where something springs into being: the ~ of the Nile.  （spring快速突然出现: to emerge rapidly and suddenly: a brilliant idea that sprang out of nowhere突然冒出个好主意）


inception: stresses the beginning of the existence of something without implying anything about the causes: the business has been a success since its ~.


root: suggests a first, ultimate, or fundamental source often not readily discerned: a need to find the real ~ of violence.  


provenance: a technical term, applies to the place where something originally came from: all the furniture is of English provenance. 这些家具都是英国货


origin起源: 某物的最终来源，通常此物出现前已存在(operating before the thing itself comes into being)，source也是起源: 多指快速突然出现的地方(the point...spring into being)， inception开始: 强调开始存在(beginning),但没有表明起因，root: 最初的根本的起源，常不易发现(ultimate最终,但最终的起源就是最初)，provenance来源: 专业术语，表示某物的最初来源或产地。


记忆方法: 1）首字母排序成IS PRO向前<==起源就是开始向前   (pro词根有两个意思，1向前 2支持)


              2）起源的意思是某物开始存在或开始发展的地方mean the point at which something begins its course or existence.  (course河道跑道)


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-12 开始begin-inaugurate

begin: is the most general and applies especially to less formal contexts: school ~s at eight; ~ to wash the dishes.


commence: suggests greater formality: let the games ~.


start: suggests a getting or setting into motion: the procession ~ed out slowly.


initiate: suggests the taking of a first step of a process or series: ~d the custom of annual gift giving.


inaugurate: implies a ceremonial beginning: the discovery of penicillin ~d a new medical age.


begin开始: 最通用，特别适用于非正式场合，commence开始: 更正式，start开始: 开始行动（即动作，主语或宾语是动作不是事物）或使开始行动，initiate发起: 表示迈出一个过程或系列的第一步，inaugurate开创开幕就职启用: 有仪式典礼感觉的开始。


记忆方法: 1）首字母BCSII重组成BISIC，想成basic初级的<==从初级开始first things first.


             2）开始的意思是路程过程操作的第一步mean to take the first step in a course, process, or operation.

【同义词辨析】 2017-06-13 停止stop-desist

stop: applies to action or progress or to what is operating or progressing and may imply suddenness or definiteness: ~ped the conversation.    (sudden突然表示没有预料到a sudden rain突然下雨) (definite明确: 等于clear，不模棱两可it's too soon to give a definite answer现在给出明确答复还为时过早)


cease: applies to states, conditions, or existence and may imply gradualness and a degree of finality: by nightfall the fighting had ~d.      (final最终的,不会再延续或变化the last step has been completed,如最终判决final judgment) (state状态是condition状况的集合)


quit: may stress either finality or abruptness in stopping or ceasing: the engine faltered, sputtered, then ~ altogether. (falter停步不前说话犹豫，如 the economy is faltering经济止步不前)   （sputter发出劈啪声,停止2个意思，如the truck sputtered and stopped卡车噼啪响了几声停下了）


discontinue: applies to the stopping of an accustomed activity or practice: we have ~d the manufacture of that item.  (accustomed表示习惯性的行为=habitual,如accepted the compliment with her accustomed modesty习惯性的谦虚地接受了对她的恭维 )（custom习俗: 人们长期遵守的习惯，几乎是不成文的法律，如customs and traditions varying greatly between provinces even cities不同省甚至市的传统习俗差异巨大，又如the custom of mourners wearing black at funerals追悼者葬礼穿黑色衣服的习俗）


desist: implies forbearance or restraint as a motive for stopping or ceasing: ~ed from further efforts to persuade them.


stop停止: 用于动作或进展(action or progress),表示突然明确(不是半停未停)(没说final,可能重新开始)，cease也是停止: 用于状态或存在,表示逐渐停止不会重来(finality)，quit停止: 表示突然或不再继续，discontinue停止: 指停止长期习惯性的行为，desist停止: 由于忍耐(forbear忍耐宽容)和克制


记忆方法: 1）首字母SCQDD想成冲动的事情<==应该停止


               2）停止的意思是中断活动或使中断活动mean to suspend or cause to suspend activity.    （suspend不定期中断暂停a stopping until some condition is satisfied，如all business has been suspended while repairs are being made维修时所有业务暂停）


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-14 惊讶surprise-amaze

surprise: stresses the causing of surprise, amazement, or wonder through being unexpected or unanticipated at a particular time or place: ~d to find his mother in a bar.  (expect预料,有一定把握,如I expect to finish the work on Friday我预计周五完成任务，anticipate预料并提前做准备，如the servants anticipated our every need服务员预料到我们的需求(并做了准备））


astonish: implies a surprising so great as to seem incredible: the young player ~ed the chess masters.


astound: stresses a stunning or overwhelming emotional effect resulting from unprecedented or unbelievable but true occurrences: news of the atomic bomb ~ed every one.  (stun使人眩晕昏迷震惊，如打击头部to make someone unconscious or unsteady, 如the animals are stunned before slaughter屠宰前要先把动物击昏, 又如she is a woman of stunning beauty她美得让人倾倒)


amaze: suggests an effect of bewilderment, perplexity, or wonder: ~d by the immense size of the place. （bewilder: to confuse使人迷惑如bewildered by city life面对城市生活感到迷茫，perplex表示让人疑惑担心犹豫，多指不好的事情，如her change of personality perplexed her friends她性格的变化让朋友疑惑担心，没有采用）


flabbergast: may suggest a dumbfounding astonishment and bewilderment or dismay: ~ed by his daughter's precocious comments.  早熟的   （dumbfound让人目瞪口呆，形容极度惊讶或困窘，如dumbfounded by her rejection of his marriage proposal她拒绝了他的求婚，让他惊讶困窘到目瞪口呆）   （dismay2个意思: 1惊愕 2气馁，都表示面对突然的困难麻烦不知怎么办, 如he looked at her in dismay他诧异地看着她, 又如they were dismayed to find that the train had already left他们发现火车已离开，感到很气馁)


surprise惊讶: 表示没预料到,让人惊讶惊叹(surprise,amaze惊奇,wonder自己解释自己)，astonish大为吃惊: 非常惊讶以致难以相信(incredible)，astound震惊: 前所未有无法相信，让人震惊难以抵挡(stun震惊,overwhelm压倒)，amaze惊叹: 表示让人迷惑感叹，flabbergast: 让人极度惊讶


记忆方法: 1）首字母SAAAF想成飞速阿==>让人惊讶


              2）惊讶的意思是让人很意外mean to impress forcibly through unexpectedness.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-15 真诚sincere-unfeigned

sincere: stresses absence of hypocrisy, feigning, or any falsifying embellishment or exaggeration: offered a ~ apology.   (hypocrisy伪善,假装有美德to pretend to be moral，语气很重，专批hypocrites伪君子，feign巧妙假装,比pretend有技巧些，如feigned sickness to stay home from class装病逃课，embellish细枝末节的装饰,如用花边floral border装饰书页, exaggerate夸张: 说话不合实际不克制，如unable to tell a story without exaggerating讲故事总是夸张)  


wholehearted: suggests sincerity and earnest devotion without reservation or misgiving: promised our ~ support to the cause.   事业    (earnest认真投入sincere devotion，如an earnest student一个认真的学生，海明威全名Earnest Hemmingway)        （misgiving疑虑uneasiness and mistrust, 如had misgiving about him from the start开始就对他有疑虑）   


heartfelt: suggests depth of genuine feeling outwardly expressed: a gift that expresses our ~ gratitude.   (gratitude感谢或感恩，和thanks意思相同但较正式, 如伊索寓言Androcles安德罗克勒斯的寓意是gratitude is the sign of noble souls感恩是高尚灵魂的标志)


hearty: suggests honesty, warmth, and exuberance in the display of feeling: received a ~ welcome at the door.


unfeigned: stresses spontaneity and absence of pretense or simulation: her ~ delight at receiving the award.  (simulate仿真: 高度逼真的模仿，没有贬义，如the training chamber simulates a weightless atmosphere训练室模仿(仿真)了失重环境)


sincere真诚: 强调不伪善假装修饰夸张，wholehearted全心全意: 真诚认真地投入，没有保留疑虑（to serve the people wholeheartedly ~为人民服务)， heartfelt深深的: 形容深入(depth)，hearty热忱: 表示诚实温暖洋溢，unfeigned溢于言表: 强调自发(spontaneous即没人要求催促)，没有假装模仿


记忆方法: 1）首字母SWHHU想成好坏无所谓(U)<==真诚最重要


               2）真诚的意思是诚恳真实地表达情感mean genuine in feeling or expression. (genuine比authentic更突出真诚真实，如genuine piety真诚的同情，比较an authentic story真实故事)


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-16 同情sympathy-empathy

sympathy: is the most general term, ranging in meaning from friendly interest or agreement in taste to emotional identification: felt ~ for his political beliefs.       (identification认同: 认为自己和被认同对象有相同属性to attribute to oneself the characteristics of another person,如国家认同精神认同，如her emotional identification with the play's heroine她对女主人公的情感认同)


pity: implies tender or sometimes slightly contemptuous sympathy or sorrow for one in distress: he felt a tender ~ for her.      (tender 1温柔亲切=gentle,kind,loving， 2软嫩easy to bite or chew， 3 容易疼痛painful，例1 tender words温柔的话语，例2 cook for a minimum of 2 hours until the meat is tender至少煮两个小时直到煮到肉变软嫩为止，例3 my tummy felt very tender我肚子一碰就疼)


compassion: implies tenderness and understanding and a desire to aid or spare: treated the sick with great ~; BUT can be quite impersonal in its reference: justice tempered with ~. 宽严相济


ruth: is likely to suggest pity or compassion resulting from the softening of a stern or indifference spirit: an old man ignorant of the healing effects of ~.


empathy: implies a capacity for vicarious feeling, but the feeling need not be one of sorrow not involve agreement: lacked capacity for ~ for the plight of others.   (vicarious从别人体验中获得,如he got a vicarious thrill out of watching his son score the winning goal他看着儿子射入获胜的一球，也同样感到欣喜)


sympathy同情: 最通用,范围从兴趣爱好一致到情感认同(emothional identification)，pity可怜: 同情或悲伤于他人痛苦，表示得温柔或稍微轻视，compassion同情: 除了温柔理解，还希望帮助或饶恕(新4最后一篇讲对死刑犯的同情用的这个词)，也可以泛指同情，ruth怜悯: 表示不再严厉冷漠，变得怜悯同情，empathy分享他人体验: 不一定悲伤或赞同。


记忆方法: 1）首字母SPCRE添加一个T即SPECTR，其中spect是词根表示看，tr想成他人，看他人<==同情


              2）同情的意思是分享分担他人利益痛苦mean a feeling for or a capacity for sharing in the interests or distress of another.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-19 人群crowd-horde

crowd: implies a massing together and often a loss of individuality: a small ~ greeted the returning athletes.

throng: strongly suggests movement and shoving or pushing: a ~ of reporters followed the President.      (shove猛推to push quickly and violently，如he shoved her out of the way他一把将她推开)

crush: emphasizes the compact concentration of the group, the difficulty of individual movement, and the attendant discomfort: a ~ of fans waited outside the theatre.   注意不要写成attendent  （compact紧质紧凑压缩implies firm, neat union or consolidation of parts in a small compass在小范围内紧密有序的结合，如a compact, muscular body紧质有肌肉的身体，又如CD全称是compact disc压缩盘）

mob: implies a disorderly crowd with the potential or the intent for violence: heard an angry ~ outside the jail.

horde: suggests a rushing or tumultuous crowd, often of inferior, rude, or savage character, often linked by common interests or problems: a ~ of shoppers looking for bargains.    又如this attracts hordes of tourists to Las Vegas这吸引了成群的游客去拉斯韦加斯

crowd人群: 指聚集在一起，丧失个体，throng推搡的人群: 强烈暗示推搡等动作，crush拥挤人群: 强调人员紧凑集中、行动困难、不舒适，mob暴民乌合之众: 表示混乱有潜在暴力的人群，horde成群结队: 表示奔走或骚动的人群，为了共同利益诉求，一般粗野素质差

记忆方法：1）首字母CTCMH从此后没他<==进入人群

               2）人群的意思是聚集的多个人mean an assembled multitude of people.   （assembly集会,如freedom of assembly集会自由）


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-20 黑暗dark-gloomy

dark: the general term, implies utter or virtual lack of illumination: a ~ cave. (illumination照明启迪彩图，词根LUM表示light光，如lumen流明是物理中光的单位，luminary名人，luminous发光的光彩的，bioluminescent生物发光的如firefly萤火虫和most deep-sea animals大多数深海动物)        （virtual.实际上的实质上implies a merely apparent difference between outward seeming and inner reality只是看起来有些不同，如the prime minister is the virtual ruler of his country首相是实际上的统治者，如本例virtual lack of…实际上缺乏光线，可能有少量光线，但无实质差别， 在计算机方面virtual意思完全不同，表示虚拟的，指通过软件模拟的，你以为看到某物实际上没有，如virtual reality虚拟现实,virtual library虚拟图书馆, virtual shop虚拟商店）

dim: suggests too weak a light for things to be clearly visible: a clandestine meeting in a ~ bar.   

dusky: suggests deep twilight and a close approach to darkness: trudging through ~ woods at day's end.  dusk黄昏 （twilight黄昏或暮光，即日落后剩余的微弱光线small amount of light after the sun has gone down，如the deepening autumn twilight渐浓的秋日暮色）  （trudge徒步跋涉。步履沉重to walk slowly and with heavy steps，如it was a hard trudge up the hil这趟上山是艰难的跋涉）

murky: implies a heavy obscuring darkness such as that caused by smoke, fog, or dust in air or mud in water: fish cannot live in the river's ~ waters.

gloomy: implies serious interference with the normal radiation of light and connotes cheerlessness and pessimism: a ~ room in the basement of the house.

dark黑暗: 通用，表示完全或实际上缺乏光线，dim暗的: 表示光线弱无法看清东西，dusky昏暗: 表示日落已深接近全黑(dusk黄昏)，murky混浊: 表示混浊不清，如空气中的烟雾尘水中的泥，gloomy阴暗: 指严重阻挡光线，隐含阴郁悲观

记忆方法：1）首字母DDDMG大大大没光<==黑暗

               2）黑暗的意思是缺乏光线mean more or less deficient in light.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-21 宣称assert-avow

assert: implies stating confidently or even brashly without need for proof or regard for evidence: ~ed that modern music is just noise.    (brash冲动草率鲁莽=impetuous)

declare: stresses the making of an open or public statement: the jury ~d the defendant guilty.    注意不要写成defendent.

affirm: implies conviction and willingness to stand by one's statement because of evidence, experience, or faith: ~ed the existence of an afterlife.      来生

protest: stresses affirmation, especiallyin the face of denial or doubt: ~ed that he had never had a more splendid meal.    （protect最常用的意思是抗议，即表示反对to object，如to protest against the arrest of …抗议对…的逮捕）

avow: stresses frank declaration and acknowledgement of personal responsibility for what is declared: ~ed that all investors would be repaid in full.   （frank坦率: 不隐瞒害羞沉默implies freedom from secretiveness, shyness, and reticence，如frank discussions on arms control坦率讨论军控问题）  （反义词disavow表示否认责任denial of responsibility, acceptance, or approval，如the radical group disavowed any responsibility for the bombing激进组织否认对爆炸负责）

assert声称: 指自信地声明，甚至是草率鲁莽，可能没有证明证据，declare宣布: 强调公开或公共的声明，affirm坚称: 表示坚信和坚持，如有证据经历信念，protest坚称: 强调在面对反对质疑时坚称，avow承认: 指承认个人有责任

记忆方法：1）首字母ADAPA想成3A店铺<==宣称

               2）宣称的意思是面对否认反对时的肯定性声明mean to state positively usually in anticipation or in the face of denial or objection.

【同义词辨析】 2017-06-22 平均average-norm

average: is exactly or approximately the quotient obtained by dividing the sum total of a set of figures by the number of figures: scored an ~ of 85 in a series of five tests.

mean: may be an average, OR it may represent value midway between two extremes: annual temperature ~ of 50 degree; the tranquil ~ between misery and ecstasy.    例1是平均数，例2是两极端的中间a value midway between two extremes.       tranquil宁静的

median: applies to the value that represents the point at which there are as many instances above as there are below: the average of a group of persons earning 3,4,5,8,and 10 dollars a day is 6 dollars, whereas the ~ is 5 dollars.    （词根MEDI表示中间middle，如mediate调停，medieval中世纪，intermediate中等中间，但mediocre平庸不是表示中间而是较差）

norm: denotes the computed or estimated average of performance of a significantly large group, class, or grade and implies a standard of reference: scores about the ~ for 5th grade arithmetic. 注意不要写成arithmatic

average平均数: 是一组数的和除以个数得到的商，mean中间值: 可表示平均数，或表示两极端的正中间，median中值: 在中值点以上和以下的个数相等，即一半比中值大，一半小，norm通例常规常态正态: 表示大量事例的平均值，能做参考标准

记忆方法：1）首字母AMMN想成Middle MAN中间人<==平均

              2）平均的意思是两极端中间的点mean something that represents a middle point between extremes.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-23 真正authentic-bona fide

authentic: implies being fully trustworthy as according with fact or actuality: the ~ story.   to accord with和一致符合

genuine: implies accordance with an original or a type without counterfeiting, admixture, or adulteration: ~ maple syrup; or it may stress sincerity: ~ piety.   枫糖     piety虔诚尊敬虔敬=respect，多用在宗教，filial piety孝心

veritable: implies a correspondence with truth and typically conveys a suggestion of affirmation: in the grip of anxiety that drove him into a ~ trance; or asserts the suitability of a metaphor: ~ hail of questions.   恍惚  to correspond with等于to accord with也表示符合一致     hail冰雹般的连续提问

bona fide: can apply when sincerity of intention is in question: ~ sale of securities.   securities证券总称，包括股票股权债券等

authentic真实: 指符合事实值得相信，genuine真正: 指符合原型类型，没有假冒混合掺杂，veritable确实: 增加了坚信的意思，或用来说比喻恰当(affirm坚信坚称)，bona fide真诚: 适用于存疑的情况，尽管可能被怀疑，但实际上是真诚的。

记忆方法：1）首字母AGVB想成V BAG我的包<==真正的

              2）真正的意思是和宣称的一致mean being actually and exactly what is claimed.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-26 发生happen-transpire

happen: is the ordinary and general term applying to whatever comes about with OR without obvious causation or intention: remembering an incident that ~ed in his childhood.    （cause原因，因果中的因，是reason的基础词因此更通用，如the cause of the train wreck火车失事的原因）

chance: regularly implies absence of design or apparent lack of causation: a man he ~d to know.

occur: stresses presentation to sight or attention: such events, when they ~, fascinate the public.   又如it never occurs to me that you are so gentle真没想到你这么绅士（讽刺的话）

transpire: implies a leaking out so as to become known or apparent: the meeting ~d as planned.

happen发生: 是普通通用词，表示任何发生，无论是否有缘由目的，chance偶然发生: 表示没有计划或原因，occur发生: 强调”使人”看到或注意到(present提交呈现)，transpire发生: 有透露出或被发现的意思，暗示发生的事开始时不为人知。

记忆方法：1）首字母HCOT想成ClOTH布没了<==发生短缺

                2）发生的意思是出现mean to come about.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-27 促进advance-further

advance: stresses effective assistance in hastening a process or bringing about a desired end: a gesture intended to ~ the cause of peace.

promote: suggests an open encouraging or fostering: a company trying to ~ better health among employees; and may denote an increase in status or rank: a student ~d to third grade.  (foster培养，如foster parents养父母)

forward: implies an impetus or moral force moving something ahead: a wage increase would ~ productivity.   （impetus推动力，词根PET表示寻找to seek，字面意思是去寻找，如the promise of a nice bonus gave us an impetus for finishing the project on time承诺给我们奖金推动我们按时完成项目，其它PET组成的词有compete竞争，petition情愿，centripetal向心的，appetite食欲，和impetuous冲动草率）

further: suggests a removing of obstacles in the way of a desired advance: used the marriage to ~ his career.

advance促进: 表示帮助加快进度或取得目标，promote提倡提升: 表示公开鼓励培养，或提高地位级别，forward促进: 指推动力或道德力量促进某物发展，further促进: 表示扫除前进中的障碍

记忆方法：1）首字母APFF想成FPAF扶贫安抚<==应促进

                2）促进的意思是帮助前进mean to help (someone or something) to move ahead.

【同义词辨析】 2017-06-28 爬上ascend-scale

ascend: implies progressive upward movement: the car ~ed the steep grade.

mount: suggests a getting up upon something raised: ~ a horse.   mountain高山 mount还指山峰 Mount Qomolangma珠穆朗玛峰.

climb: connotes the effort involved in the upward movement and is used  when difficulty is implicit in the situation: ~ a tree to rescue a cat.

scale: suggests skill and adroitness in upward movement: ~ a high wall to freedom.  （adroit机智，指能急中生智想办法达到目的skillful use of expedients to achieve one's purpose，如a adroit host of a radio call-in show一个机智的电台热线节目主持人。 expedient权宜之计）

ascend逐步上升: 指逐步、不间断地上升，mount登爬骑: 表示上到高处，climb费力登爬: 指动作费力困难，scale爬: 表示灵巧地爬。

记忆方法：1）首字母MACS马克思<==爬上顶峰   马克思实际是Karl Marx

               2）爬上的意思是到山顶mean to move upward or toward a summit.


【同义词辨析】 2017-06-29 看似apparent-ostensible

apparent: suggests appearance to unaided senses that is not or may not be proven by more rigorous examination or greater knowledge: the ~ cause of the train wreck.

illusory: implies a false impression based on deceptive resemblance or faulty observation, or influenced by emotions that prevent a clear view: the ~ happiness of a new infatuation.   （infatuation迷恋热恋无法正常思考strong love or passion for something making one unable to think clearly or sensibly，如his infatuation with bullfighting他迷恋斗牛）

seeming: implies a character in the thing observed that gives it the appearance, sometimes through intent, of something else: the ~ simplicity of the story.

ostensible: suggests a discrepancy between an openly declared or logically implied aim or reason and the true one: business was the ~ reason for their visit.   (discrepancy差异不相符:本应相同的事物有差异a difference between two things that should be the same，如the discrepancy between press and radio reports新闻和广播报道之间的出入)

apparent看似: 表示表面上感觉是，但未经检查证明，illusory虚幻: 指虚假的印象，由于虚假外表、错误观察或强烈情绪，seeming看似: 表示表面上感觉是，但其实不是（对比apparent是”未经检查证明”，seeming是否定），ostensible表面上谎称的: 表示公开宣称暗指的与事实不相符。

记忆方法：1）首字母AISO看起来像ALSO<==看似

                2）看似的意思是和外表不符mean not actually being what appearance indicates.

【同义词辨析】 2017-06-30 聪明clever-ingenious

clever: stresses physical or mental quickness, deftness, or aptitude: a person ~ with horses.  （deft 轻巧利落有把握implies an light, neat, and sure handling，如a deft interweaving of the novel’s several subplots轻巧地将小说的几个情节交织在一起）  （aptitude天分==innate capacity+natural liking天生能力+喜欢，美国高考SAT中的A，全称scholastic aptitude test学术能力倾向测验，始于1926，主要测试学术研究能力，而非高中学了多少知识）

adroit: often implies a shrewd or skillful use of expedients to achieve one's purpose: an ~ negotiator of business deals.   （shrewd聪明精明=clever+wise: implies practical, hardheaded cleverness and wise judgment聪明又务实冷静，有判断力，如a shrewd judge of character精明地判断性格）  （skillful有技巧娴熟=dexterous，如a shrewd and skillful manipulation of public opinion精明娴熟地操纵公众观点）

cunning: implies great skill in constructing or creating: a writer who is ~ in his manipulation of the reader.  

ingenious: suggests brilliance or cleverness in inventing or discovering: an ~ computer engineer.  (brilliant在bright组，表示璀璨发出大量光点sparkles,如brilliant diamonds璀璨的钻石，也表示杰出让人钦佩，如a brilliant scientist一个杰出科学家)

clever聪明: 强调思维或行动”快速”轻巧有天赋，adroit机智的: 多表示聪明娴熟地使用权宜，（智强调快速，正如中文里的急中生智，慧刚好相反表示静思慢悟），cunning巧思的: 善于构建创造，ingenious聪敏: 善于发明发现

记忆方法：1）首字母CACI想成A Intelligent Chinese Citizen一个睿智的中国人<==聪明     智商IQ(Intelligence Quotient)反映一个人解决新问题学习新知识的能力，人工智能AI(artificial intelligence)逐渐流行，台湾说成人工智慧属于用词不准

                2）聪明的意思是睿智有技巧mean having or showing practical wit or skill in contriving.  睿智就是智，睿是敬辞   wit表示聪明幽默睿智，如the wit of Cui崔的睿智