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四、省略结构 在英语的行文中,大家常常被其中的词的省略造成的麻烦所困扰。其实这种困扰主要出自我们对其英文行文表达习惯和修辞手法的不了解。一般说来,英语文中的省略需遵守两个原则:一是这个词可有可无,或者是多余的,总之就是少了它之后不会改变原文的意思,二是省略的词义已经在上下文中得到了充分的体现。这里举个简单的例子让大家,先吃个开胃餐: Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.这句话的中文意思是独自旅行的人,要是饿了、受伤了或者生病了,除了最近的小木屋或居民点,常常无处求援。这个句子在if后面省略了he is,这是因为在时间,地点,条件,让步,方式状语从句中,如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同(或为it),而从句的谓语又含有be(包括联系动词be和助动词be),则可把“主语+be”省略掉。但要注意有一类句子和省略句有相似的地方,如:You must get out of the city, and that quickly.(你得出城,而且得快.)这样的句子并不是省略句,因为后一句中有that代表了要表示的意思。 He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believe it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. 句子解析:在这句子由and连接的两部分构成,第一部分中although引导的其让步作用的状语从句将believes与其宾语部分分割开来,believe后面的宾语部分包括三个that引导的从句,和后面and前的部分,需要注意的是这里用了the more…the more…的结构,其中第二个the more子句中,arrived at省略了have been,而第三个the more子句中包含了一个由which引导的定语从句。 句子翻译:他相信,尽管他或许不知道自己相信,验证范围越广泛,试验做得越多且得出的结果相同,而且得出同一结果的条件越是多样化,则最终的结论就越肯定无疑,他再也不对这个问题提出质疑了。 What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed, and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology, or whether it should take the softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the industrialized world. 句子解析:这是一个主系表结构。What is questioned是主语从句。表语是两个以whether引导的从句。第一个whether从句的主干结构是a country has a chance to succeed and should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology,而两个assuming引导的从句用来表示假设,此外where引导的状语从句是为了做一对比,并且在第二个assuming从句的it has后面省略了the chance;第二个whether从句结构比较简单不再仔细讨论。 句子翻译:现在提出的问题是,像英国这样的国家,假如愿意的话,是否有可能在很多国家已经失败的方面获得成功。假如有这种可能,英国是否应尽最大的努力,冒最大的财政风险,一步进入全新技术的前列,或者应该采取比较稳妥地选择,只是赶上其他工业国的步伐。 五、并列平行结构 英语常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上的同等成分,而这种结构我们称之为并列平行结构,而比较常用的连词有:and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or , not only…but also, either…or,以及neither…nor等等。一般说来连接的同等成分可以是两个或几个动词,两个或几个动词的宾语,两个或几个名词的定语,两个或几个介词短语等。如果并列连词连接的是两个或几个简单句,就构成了一个并列句。这里举几个小的例子: In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area.这句话的中文意思是:事实上,私有化不仅挽救了个别企业和走向毁灭的整个经济,而且还提高了各行业的运作水平。在这个句子中,用and连接了individual industries和a whole economy这两个作为动词rescued的宾语,并且还使用了not only…but also连接了rescued和raised这两个动词引导的平行的谓语成分。 但是需要注意的是并不是每个and简单的认为它只有连接作用,其实它的用法在英语中十分丰富,它在句子中可以表示许多不同的目的。例如:We were singing and dancing.我们又唱又跳。The old lady fell down in the street and broke her leg.老妇人跌倒在街上,腿都摔断了(表示结果)。Fix the bicycle and I’ll pay you $6.修理这辆自行车,我就付给你6美元(表示条件)。He finished his homework and made for the dining room.他作完家庭作业后去了食堂(表示连续)。The girl grows up and still knows nothing about her family.这女孩长大了,对家里的事还是一无所知(表示对比)。 此外其他的并列连词都各表示不同的意义:but,yet表示对比;either…or…, neither…nor…表示选择;so表示结果;for表示原因等等。 But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society. 句子解析:这个句子的两个since引导的处于并列关系的原因状语从句,在主句中unless accompanied by other measures作为插入语表示让步分割了谓语部分。 句子翻译:但是,既然贫穷与穷人可得到的货币绝对供应量无关,而是无权利所造成的,既然用一定量的货币所能购买的权力量随着一个社会获得的商品和服务量的增加而下降,那么提高穷人收入的解决办法在一个富裕社会很可能不会奏效,除非同时采取其他的措施。 The time has long since arrived to recognize commercial representation as a profession per se, the successful exercise of which is positively correlated with careful initial selection of commercial representatives, the level and content of their formal education and specialized training, the length and variety of their pertinent experience, and the quality of support they receive from the trade promotion or ministry at home. 句子解析:这句话的主干部分十分短小:The time has long. Since引导的状语从句部分都是为了说明驻外商务代表成为专门的业务时其相关的一些情况,在exercise of后面的which代表的是commercial representation,后面有几个用and连接的与选择好驻外商务代表相关的要考虑的东西: the level and content of their formal education and specialized training; the length and variety of their pertinent experience和the quality of support。 句子翻译:驻外商务代表的工作实际上是一种专门的业务---早就应该这样看待这个问题。要把这项工作做好,首先是要选择好驻外商务代表。要考虑他们所受的正规教育和专门培训的程度和内容,他们过去有哪些和有多少相关的经验,以及他们能够从国内的贸易促进机构和贸易部得到什么样的支持。 |
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六、同位语结构 同位语是用来对名词或者是名词代词作进一步的解释,一般说来它有单词、短语和从句三种形式。同位语从句是名词从句的一种,置于某些名词之后,如fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question等等。这种从句通常是由that引导的,有时也会用到如what, why, whether, when等来引导。 同位语从句和定语从句在句子结构上有一定的相似,容易使人混淆.要注意在同位语从句中that, what, who等连接代(副)词在句中并不充当句子成分。 在进行英文阅读时,要注意同位语与本位语分割的现象,这种现象常常会造成阅读理解上的困难,特别是发生在句子结构本身十分复杂的时候。例如: The word radar, coined as a code name in World War II, was derived from the phrase Radio Detection And Ranging.这句话的中文意思是radar(雷达)这个词,是第二次世界大战期间作为一个代号而造出来的,是Radio Detection And Ranging(无线电探测和定位)这个词组的缩写。本句的radar是word的同位语。同位语常常表示本位语的另一种说法,指出本位语的具体内容或者列举、突出本位语的一部分内容。同位语一般置于本位语之后,可以不用标点符号隔开,也可以用逗号、冒号或破折号隔开,例如:The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.这里thought就和它的由that引导的同位语从句被谓语部分came to him所分割。 There is a growing realization that had Saddam Hussein focused his missile-development programs on this sort of hardware rather than developing the Scud, Desert Storm could have seen targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel bombarded by weapons whose miss distance might have been measured in terms of tens or hundreds of meters rather than kilometers. 句子解析:这个句子的主干部分十分简短,即There is a growing realization. That引导的是虚拟的关于realization的同位语从句,并且在这个从句中还有一个whose引导的定语从句用于修饰weapons。 句子翻译:现在人们越来越认识到,如果沙达姆 .侯赛因当初将其导弹发展计划集中在这种硬件而不是发展“飞毛腿”导弹,那么“沙漠风暴”行动中,轰炸沙特阿拉伯和以色列的导弹发射的误差距离恐怕就不会以千米而是以几十或几百米测算了。 七、分词作状语结构 分词通常有现在分词和过去分词两种,他们在文中,不仅可以作为形用词,而且还能像副词短语那样,说明动词或表达某个整句要表达的概念。例如:Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimp die as the last of the water evaporates.然后,在确保其物种能生存下去之后,虾子就会随着最后一点水蒸发掉而死去。这个句子的having ensured that their species will survive相当于when或者是after,即分词短语可以用来做表示时间的状语部分。又如:Used economically, one bottle of kerosene will last for at least one month.用的节省的话,一瓶煤油至少可以用一个月。这时的分词又可以用来表示条件和原因。再如:Granting the achievement to be great, there is still something to be desired.即使成就是巨大的,仍有一些有待改进的地方。这时可见分词短语在这里又可以表示让步。此外分词做状语还可以表示伴随等情况。 此外,需要注意的是分词的两种用法和结构: 1)分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致,如果不一致,要用独立主格结构。如:All the money having been spent, they had to look for a part-time job.钱花光之后,他们不得不找零活干。 2)with+名词(或代词宾格)+分词(短语)作状语,表示伴随情况。 如:With oil expected to be scarce by the end of the century, the European Community has set aside 36 million dollars for hydrogen research over the past four years.预期本世纪末石油将紧缺,在过去四年里,欧洲共同体已储备了3,600万美元进行氢气的研究工作。 Then, maneuvering that iron stove through that doorway, with another mighty grunt Pete just heaved it forward and outward, and it smashed down against her little grassy-patched dirt back yard, the sounds of the crash and the iron cracking open sending her little spotted feist dog and her few any-breed chichens all yelping and squawking and flying. 句子解析:maneuvering that iron stove through that doorway是现在分词短语作状语,表示时间。the iron cracking open是独立分词结构,而sending her little spotted feist dog and her few any-breed chichens all yelping and squawking and flying的sending是分词独立结构,而后面的三个现在分词是作为宾语spotted feist dog and her few any-breed chichens的宾语补语。 句子翻译:然后,彼特搬着铁炉走出门口,又大喝了一声,举起铁炉向前往外抛去,顿时落在她乱草丛生的小后院,摔成碎片。撞击声和生铁的破裂声把她的小花狗和几只小鸡吓得咯咯大叫,四散飞逃。 |
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