And I’m Georgina. I’ve got a puzzle for you, Neil. Ready?
我是乔治娜。我有一个谜题要给你，尼尔。准备？
Neil(尼尔)
Sure.
确定。
Georgina(乔治娜)
OK. It’s a riddle. I’m as light as a feather but no one can hold me for very long. What am I?
还行。这是一个谜语。我像羽毛一样轻，但没有人能抱我太久。我是什么？
Neil(尼尔)
Hmmm… as light as a feather but no one can hold you… No idea. What are you?
嗯......像羽毛一样轻，但没有人能抱住你......不知道。你是干什么的？
Georgina(乔治娜)
Your breath.
你的呼吸。
Neil(尼尔)
Ah, yes, I see. OK, I’ve got one for you - I’m so big I’m everywhere but so small you can’t see me. What am I?
啊，是的，我明白了。好吧，我给你一个 —— 我太大了，我到处都是，但太小了，你看不到我。我是什么？
Georgina(乔治娜)
You’re everywhere but I can’t see you? Hmmm, tricky… I give up.
你到处都是，但我看不到你？嗯，棘手......我放弃了。
Neil(尼尔)
The answer is – germs! With the outbreak of coronavirus, people around the world have rediscovered the importance of fighting germs to stop the spread of disease.
In this programme we’ll be the discussing the importance of handwashing in the prevention of germs and viruses. And we’ll start off by meeting the first person to realise that keeping hands clean can really help prevent diseases being passed on.
Ah… do you mean the19th century Hungarian doctor, Ignaz Semmelweiss? He was known as the ‘saviour of mothers’ for keeping maternity wards germ-free and he had a very interesting life. But do you know what happened to him in the end? That’s my quiz question. Was it: A. He won the Nobel prize B. He ended up in hospital for mentally ill people C. He started the first company to produce hand soap.
Dr Semmelweiss sounds like a scientific hero so I’ll say, a) he won the Nobel prize.
塞梅尔维斯博士听起来像是一个科学英雄，所以我会说，a）他获得了诺贝尔奖。
Neil(尼尔)
OK. We’ll find out later if you were right. What’s for sure is that Ignaz Semmelweiss was a hero to Val Curtis, a director at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Here she is talking to BBC Radio 4’s Science Stories:
还行。如果你是对的，我们稍后会知道。可以肯定的是，伊格纳兹·塞梅尔维斯是伦敦卫生与热带医学学院院长瓦尔·柯蒂斯的英雄。在这里，她正在与 BBC Radio 4 的科学故事交谈：
Val Curtis, Director, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine(Val Curtis，伦敦卫生与热带医学学院院长)
Semmelweiss is kind of my patron saint. Handwashing has been my life for the last thirty years working on trying to improve hygiene, mostly in developing countries and he was really the first to identify the importance of keeping hands clean in the prevention of the transmission of infection. And since the beginning of my career working in public health I’ve been trying to understand how diseases get spread and what the best way of preventing it is, and handwashing jumped out as being the most important means of preventing infections, particularly in developing countries.
Val’s work is all about improving hygiene - practices for maintaining health and preventing disease, especially through cleanliness.
Val 的工作是关于改善卫生 - 保持健康和预防疾病的做法，尤其是通过清洁。
Neil(尼尔)
And she was clearly influenced by the work of Dr Semmelweiss because she calls him her patron saint - a kind of guide and protector believed to give special help or inspiration.
But Dr Semmelweiss is also a good example of science communication. Getting the message out so people understand the importance of hygiene is difficult. And ‘wash your hands’ jumped out - or made a strong impact - as a simple message to communicate. Here’s Val again:
Val Curtis, Director, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine(Val Curtis，伦敦卫生与热带医学学院院长)
It wasn’t until we wrote a paper in 2003 that showed the evidence that handwashing could save a million lives that actually people started to take it seriously and handwashing became a big important issue internationally. So for me the lesson from Semmelweiss is: don’t scream and shout and accuse people of doing things wrongly but patiently get the data out there and tell your story in a positive way.
The idea that handwashing is an essential part of hygiene is supported by scientific evidence - the facts and information used to show that a belief is true - in this case, Val’s belief that handwashing could help save a million lives.
So, handwashing has become an important global issue - or topic of discussion - especially in places without access to clean sanitation and toilets.
因此，洗手已成为一个重要的全球性问题或讨论话题，尤其是在没有清洁卫生设施和厕所的地方。
Neil(尼尔)
Val also mentions that if you want people to listen to your message, it’s better to present the evidence in a positive, scientific way instead of screaming and shouting - speaking in a forceful or even angry way to convince people you’re right.
Right, people don’t listen if you scream and shout at them - they just think you’re strange.
是的，如果你对他们大喊大叫，人们就不会听 —— 他们只是觉得你很奇怪。
Neil(尼尔)
Which brings me back to today’s quiz question. Remember, I asked you what happened to Dr Semmelweiss in the end?
这让我回到了今天的测验问题。还记得，我问过你塞梅尔维斯博士最后怎么样了？
Georgina(乔治娜)
…and I said a) he won the Nobel prize.
…我说a）他获得了诺贝尔奖。
Neil(尼尔)
Well, I’m afraid the answer was, b) he ended up in hospital for mentally ill people.
好吧，恐怕答案是，b）他最终住进了精神病院。
Georgina(乔治娜)
Today we’ve been talking about handwashing, one of the single best ways to improve personal hygiene - the prevention of disease by keeping clean. Recently, handwashing has become a top global issue – a subject or topic people are thinking and talking about.
Scientific evidence - the facts and information used to prove ideas true or valid - shows that handwashing jumped out - or was easily noticed - as one of the most important methods to stop the spread of infection.
科学证据 - 用于证明想法真实或有效的事实和信息 - 表明洗手是阻止感染传播的最重要方法之一。
Georgina(乔治娜)
The work of 19th century scientist Ignaz Semmelweiss was so inspiring that even today, some doctors consider him the patron saint of hygiene - an expression referring to a protecting or guiding saint believed to give special help or inspiration.
But communicating the message of ‘wash your hands’ to people around the world is hard, especially if you just scream and shout - or try to convince someone by talking to them in a forceful or argumentative way.
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