Having your photograph appear on the cover of a magazine makes you famous around the world. But imagine if that photo showed you hugging and playing with wild chimpanzees!
That’s exactly what happened to Jane Goodall who shot to fame in 1965 when she appeared on the cover of National Geographic magazine. Jane introduced the world to the social and emotional lives of the wild chimpanzees of Gombe, in eastern Tanzania.
Jane spent years living among families of wild chimpanzees. Her observations changed the way we view our closest animal relatives - and made us think about what it means to be human.
In this programme, we’ll be hearing from the iconic environmentalist Jane Goodall. She reflects on how attitudes have changed as science has uncovered the deep connections between humans and the great apes – large primates including chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans, who are closely related to humans.
As well as Dr Goodall, the National Geographic photographs also made the chimpanzees of Gombe famous. People around the world became interested in the lives of a family of chimps living in a remote corner of Africa.
When Gombe’s alpha female died in 1972, she was so well-loved that she had an obituary in The Times newspaper. But what was her name? That’s our quiz question: which chimpanzee’s obituary appeared in The Times? Was it: a) Frodo?; b Flo? or c) Freud?
Well, 1972 is a bit before my time, Rob - I wasn’t even born then, but I think it’s b) Flo.
好吧，1972 年比我的时代早一点，罗伯 —— 那时我甚至还没有出生，但我认为是 b） Flo。
Rob(罗伯)
OK, Sam, we’ll find out later if you were right. Now, when Jane first visited Tanzania in the 1960s most scientists believed the only animals capable of making and using tools were humans. But what Jane witnessed about the behaviour of one chimpanzee, who she named Greybeard, turned this idea on its head. Here she recalls that famous day to Jim Al Khalili, for the podcast of BBC Radio 4’s Discovery programme, The Life Scientific:
好的，山姆，我们稍后会知道你是否是对的。现在，当简在1960年代第一次访问坦桑尼亚时，大多数科学家认为唯一能够制造和使用工具的动物是人类。但是，简亲眼目睹了一只黑猩猩的行为，她给它取名为灰胡子，颠覆了这个想法。在这里，她向吉姆·阿尔·哈利利回忆起那个著名的日子，在BBC Radio 4的发现节目《生命科学》的播客中：
Jane Goodall(珍·古道尔)
I could see this black hand picking grass stems and pushing them down into the termite mound and pulling them out with termites clinging on with their jaws. And the following day, I saw him pick a leafy twig and strip the leaves, so not only was he using objects as tools but modifying those objects to make tools.
Jane observed the chimpanzee, Greybeard, finding small wooden branches called twigs and modifying them - changing them slightly in order to improve them.
简观察了黑猩猩灰胡子，找到了被称为树枝的小木树枝，并对其进行了修改 —— 稍微改变它们以改进它们。
Sam(山姆)
By stripping away the leaves from twigs and using them to collect ants and termites to eat, Greybeard had made a tool – an instruments or simple piece of equipment, for example a knife or hammer, that you hold in your hands and use for a particular job.
Previously, it was believed that animals were incapable of making tools on their own. What Jane saw was proof of the intelligence of wild animals. Jane Goodall’s studies convinced her that chimps experience the same range of emotions as humans, as she explains here to BBC Radio 4’s The Life Scientific:
以前，人们认为动物无法自己制造工具。简所看到的证明了野生动物的智慧。珍·古道尔的研究使她确信，黑猩猩会经历与人类相同的情绪范围，正如她向BBC Radio 4的《生命科学》解释的那样：
Jane Goodall(珍·古道尔)
I wasn’t surprised that chimps had these emotions. It was fascinating to realise how many of their gestures are like ours… so you can watch them without knowing anything about them and when they greet with a kiss and embrace, they pat one another in reassurance, they hold hands, they seek physical contact to alleviate nervousness or stress – you know, it’s so like us.
Holding hands, embracing and kissing were some of the chimpanzee’s gestures – movements made with hands, arms or head, to express ideas and feelings.
牵手、拥抱和亲吻是黑猩猩的一些手势 —— 用手、手臂或头部做出的动作，以表达想法和感受。
Rob(罗伯)
In the same way as humans, the chimpanzees would pat each other - touch someone gently and repeatedly with their hand held flat.
就像人类一样，黑猩猩会互相拍打 —— 用手平放轻轻地反复触摸某人。
Sam(山姆)
Much of their behaviour was human-like. Just as I would hug a friend to reassure them, the chimps used physical contact to alleviate stress – make pain or problems less intense or severe. In fact, chimps are so alike us that sometimes they even get their name in the newspaper!
Ah yes, Sam, you mean the quiz question I asked you earlier: which chimpanzee had their obituary published in The Times?
啊，是的，山姆，你是说我之前问你的测验问题：哪只黑猩猩的讣告发表在《泰晤士报》上？
Sam(山姆)
And I guessed it was b) Flo.
我猜是b）弗洛。
Rob(罗伯)
And that’s absolutely right. Well done, Sam! Give yourself a pat on the back!
这是绝对正确的。干得好，山姆！给自己拍拍背！
Sam(山姆)
OK. In this programme, we’ve been hearing about legendary zoologist and activist, Jane Goodall, and her experiences living among great apes – primates like chimpanzees who are humans’ closest animal relatives.
Jane witnessed the chimpanzees of Gombe modify – or slightly alter, objects like leaves and twigs to make tools – hand-held instruments used for a particular job.
简亲眼目睹了贡贝的黑猩猩修改或略微改变树叶和树枝等物体以制造工具 —— 用于特定工作的手持工具。
Sam(山姆)
Many of the chimpanzees’ gestures – body movements made to communicate and express emotions – like kissing and patting – touching someone gently and repeatedly with a flat hand – were almost human.
/1 
