据俄罗斯《共青团真理报》网站6月8日报道,埃隆·马斯克的太空探索技术公司(Space-X)发射的“星链”卫星正在接连坠落。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)戈达德航天中心的物理学家丹尼·奥利维拉领导的研究小组对这一“卫星雨”现象进行了研究。
“星链”卫星自2019年首次发射以来,2020年就已出现卫星坠落情况。考虑到马斯克发射的卫星数量庞大,最初的坠落数量仍在合理范围内:2020年仅坠落两颗。然而,2021年坠落数量飙升至78颗;此后两年,分别有99颗(2022年)和88颗(2023年)卫星坠毁。去年情况则发生了显著变化:多达316颗卫星在大气层中烧毁。截至目前,“星链”共损失了583颗卫星,平均大约每15颗中就有一颗坠落。这到底是怎么回事?
The Sun's growing activity is affecting Earth's satellites, particularly those in the Starlink constellation launched by Space-X. Denny Oliveira, a space physicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre, led a study on Starlink satellites that fell back to Earth between 2020 and 2024.
Space-X first began launching Starlink satellites in 2019, and already the following year, in 2020, some of them started to fall. However, given the enormous number of satellites Musk was putting into orbit, the initial losses were within a reasonable range — only two satellites crashed in 2020. But by 2021, the number had surged to 78. For the next two years, the "satellite fall" stayed at roughly the same level — 99 in 2022 and 88 in 2023. Then something strange happened last year: A staggering 316 satellites burned up in the atmosphere. In total, the Starlink constellation has lost 583 satellites.

2024年6月23日,在美国加利福尼亚州恩西尼塔斯拍摄的照片显示,搭载着“星链”卫星的“猎鹰9”火箭从范登堡太空军基地发射升空。图源:新华社
研究小组将卫星坠落时间与各种自然现象进行比对,发现坠落与太阳活动之间存在明确关联。研究报告指出:“我们清楚地发现,目前太阳活动增强,对‘星链’卫星坠入大气层产生了显著影响。这是研究卫星轨道阻力的绝佳时机,因为在本轮太阳活动高峰期,地球低轨卫星数量达到了人类历史上的最高水平。”
"We clearly show that the intense solar activity of the current solar cycle has already had significant impacts on Starlink reentries. This is a very exciting time in satellite orbital drag research, since the number of satellites in low-Earth orbit and solar activity are the highest ever observed in human history," the NASA team wrote in the paper.
“星链”计划启动于2019年,当时正值太阳活动的低谷期。NASA数据显示,去年太阳活动达到高峰。太阳活动大致以11年为一周期。当太阳表面出现大量黑子时,会伴随强烈爆炸和太阳耀斑现象,太阳风也通过日冕洞向外喷发。其中一部分物质会朝地球方向飞去,引发磁暴。
当太阳等离子体抵达地球并触发磁暴时,还会带来另一种效应——对地球上层大气的加热。受热膨胀的大气层会产生更强阻力,使卫星偏离轨道,最终坠落。由于“星链”卫星需要提供通信服务,其轨道高度较低。据估计,这种轨道上的卫星平均寿命为5年。
Increased solar activity heats the upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. This expansion increases drag on spacecraft in low-Earth orbit, requiring trajectory adjustments to maintain their orbits.
尽管这一现象已有一定科学解释,仍有不少未解之谜。研究报告指出,大约70%的卫星并非在强磁暴期间坠落,而是在中等或弱磁暴期间坠落。这可能是因为弱磁暴持续时间更长,会缓慢“侵蚀”轨道,最终将卫星推向不可避免的结局。
来源:参考消息 新德里电视台 共青团真理报
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