参考译文
我们从书籍中可以读到5,000年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。但直到现在，世界上仍然有些地方；人们还不会书写。他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。这些传说是很有用的，因为它们能告诉我们以往人们迁居的情况。但是；没有人能把他们当时做的事情记载下来。人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，当地人的传说却告诉了人们：其中有一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。
但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了；因此，有关他们的传说即使有如今也失传了。于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。
然而，幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因力燧石较之其他石头更易成形。他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存；但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。
Comprehension理解
Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer.
1How can anthropologists learn about the history of ancient peoples who have not left written records?
2Why did ancient men prefer to use flint for making tools?
Vocabulary词汇
Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: preserve(1.3); recount(1.3); migrations (1.4); anthropologists (1.5); remote (1.5); decay (1.13); without trace(1.14).
Sentence structure句子结构
A Combine the following statements to make complete sentences. Add conjunctions and relative pronouns of your own and omit the words or phrases in italics. Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
1These legends are useful. They can tell us something about migrations of people. These people lived long ago. None could write down what they did. (11.4-5)
2The first people who were like ourselves lived long ago. Eventheir sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. (11.8-9)
3Archaeologists have no history to help them to find out where the first ‘modern men’ came from. Archaeologists have no legends to help them to find out where the first modern men came from. (11.9-10)
4Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint. This is easier to shape than other kinds.(11.11-12)
5They may also have used wood and skins. These have rotted away. (1.12)
B Write a sentence to describe the work of an archaeologist.
C Write three short sentences on the history of early man using the following words in each sentence:
1Written records.
2Sagas.
3Stone tools.
Key structures关键句型
ACompare these two sentences:
Instead of saying:
The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends which have been handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.
We can say:
The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of story tellers to another. (11.2-4)
Write sentences using the following phrases:
tools made of stone; legends recorded; remains found.
BNote the use of tell in this sentence:
They can tell us something about migrations of people. (11.4-5)
Supply the correct form of say or tell in these sentences:
1What did he ____ to you?
2He ____ everybody that he had been ill.
3Did you ____ that you have written a novel?
4I can't ____ you about it now.
CNote the use of where…from in this sentence:
Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples came from. (11.5-6)
Write two sentences using the same construction with the verbsget and buy.
DCompare these two sentences:
Instead of saying:
So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first‘modern men’ came from.(11.9-10)
We can say:
So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them find out where the first ‘modern men’ came from.
Write two sentences using these expressions: help me to lift; helped me make.
ESupply the word the where necessary in this paragraph. Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:
Fortunately, however, ____ ancient men made ____ tools of ____ stone, especially ____ flint, because this is easier to shape than ____ other kinds. They may also have used ____ wood and ____ skins, but these have rotted away. ____ stone does not decay, and so ____ tools of long ago have remained when even ____ bones of ____ men who made them have disappeared without trace. (11.11-14)
FCompare these two sentences:
Instead of saying: It is possible that they used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.
We can say:
They may have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. (1.12)
Write these sentences again using the construction with mayhave.
1It is possible that your mother called when you were out.
2It is possible that you left your umbrella in the waitingroom.
3It is possible that he changed his mind.
Special difficulties难点
AStudy the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.
1parts (1.2)----places
Ancient rock paintings have been found in many parts of Spain and Portugal.
Of all the wonderful places in Italy, Florence and Venice are the two that most tourists wish to see.
2history (1.3)----story
We often know little about the history of our own times.
Climb into bed and I'll read you a bedtime story.
(Please note: a story is an account, often fictional, of what happened in someone's experience; history is a factual account of past public or universal events)
3wonder (1.5)----wander
I wonder if we've made a mistake here.
I love wandering around second-hand bookshops.
4like (1.8)----as
There's no one like you.
Please do as I say.
5find out (1.9)----find
What we have to do now is find out why the accident happened.
I'm sure I've already paid this bill, but I can't find the receipt.
6ancient (1.11)----old
Property developers often have little regard for ancient/oldbuildings. (old in terms of time; ancient = old in terms of history)
World leaders are often old men.
Mr. Briggs is an old friend of mine. (= one I have known for a long time)
7tool (1.11)----instrument
We need some basic tools like a hammer and a screwdriver.
A dentist's instruments need to be constantly sterilized.
8stone (1.11)----rock
The old church is full of beautiful stone sculptures.
Rocks had fallen from above, making the roads impassable.
9skin (1.12)----leather
I've such a bad skin, I'm always coming out in spots.
Shoes made of real leather have become so expensive.
BStudy the use of happen in these sentences:
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago…(1.1)
He happened to be an archaeologist.
It happened that he knew the answer.
Complete the following sentences:
1Do you happen ____?
2It so happens that ____.
3Can you tell me what ____?
Multiple choice questions多项选择题
Choose the correct answers to the following questions.
Comprehension 理解
1In illiterate societies, story-telling is a way of ____.
(a) teaching people how to write
(b) allowing us to find out about things that happened 5,000years ago
(c) passing knowledge of the past from one generation to another
(d) preserving sagas recounted by story-tellers
2It is extremely likely that ancient people ____.
(a) moved from one place to another
(b) came from Indonesia
(c} have left us information about their migrations
(d) preserved their sagas and legends
3Anthropologists have been curious about ____.
(a) how Indonesia came to be inhabited
(b) how the Polynesian islands came to be inhabited
(c) why the Polynesian people travelled from Indonesia
(d) how the sagas told by ancient people were written
4Though wood and skins rot away, anthropologists can learn a great deal from ____.
(a) materials that are easy to shape
(b) the bones of men who made tools
(c) stones that do not decay
(d) ancient tools made from stone
Structure句型
5In some parts of the world people are still ____ to write. (11.1-2)
a．incapable
b．impotent
c．enable
d．unable
6They can preserve their history ____ down legends. (1.3)
a．by hand
b．by handing
c．to hand
d．in hand
7The ____ why these legends are useful is that they tell us about migrations. (1.4)
a．cause
b．effect
c．why
d．reason
8There weren't ____ of them who could write down what they did．(1.5)
a． any
b． none
c． no one
d． no
Vocabulary 词汇
9The only way they can preserve their history is to ____ stories.(11.2-3)
a．tell
b．make
c．say
d．recount
10The people who lived long ago could not ____ their history．(1.5)
a．make
b．know
c．record
d．note
11Some sagas tell us about the ____ of Polynesian peoples．(11.6-7)
a．origin
b．ancestors
c．explanation
d．legend
12Tools made of stone, especially flint, were made by ____ (1.11)
a．old men
b．men who lived long ago
c．men of old
d．past men |
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