<b>ETS&nbsp;语法辅导：名词性从句</b><br/>在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 <p>　　17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词</p><p>　　引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：</p><p>　　连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）</p><p>　　连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which.</p><p>　　连接副词：when, where, how, why</p><p>　　不可省略的连词：</p><p>　　1. 介词后的连词</p><p>　　2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。</p><p>　　That she was chosen made us very happy.</p><p>　　We heard the news that our team had won.</p><p>　　比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：</p><p>　　1. whether引导主语从句并在句首</p><p>　　2. 引导表语从句</p><p>　　3. whether从句作介词宾语</p><p>　　4. 从句后有"or not"</p><p>　　Whether he will come is not clear.</p><p>　　大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。</p><p>　　It is not important who will go.</p><p>　　It is still unknown which team will win the match.</p><p>　　17.2 名词性that-从句</p><p>　　1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：</p><p>　　主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.　 他还活着全*运气。</p><p>　　宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.　约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。</p><p>　　表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　　　事实是近来谁也没有见过他。</p><p>　　同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.</p><p>　　近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。</p><p>　　形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.</p><p>　　你对工作满意我感到很高兴。</p><p>　　2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：</p><p>　　It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。</p><p>　　Its a pity that you should have to leave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。</p><p>　　用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：</p><p>　　a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句</p><p>　　It is necessary that…　　　 有必要……</p><p>　　It is important that…　　　 重要的是……</p><p>　　It is obvious that…　　　　 很明显……</p><p>　　b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句</p><p>　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……</p><p>　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……</p><p>　　It has been decided that…　　 已决定……</p><p>　　c. It + be +名词+ that-从句</p><p>　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识</p><p>　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……</p><p>　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……</p><p>　　d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句</p><p>　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……</p><p>　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……</p><p>　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……</p><p>　　17.3 名词性wh-从句</p><p>　　1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：</p><p>　　主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.　书销售如何取决于作者本人。</p><p>　　直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.　在自己家里可以随心所欲。</p><p>　　间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.</p><p>　　俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。</p><p>　　表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.　我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。</p><p>　　宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。</p><p>　　同位语：　　I have no idea when he will return.</p><p>　　我不知道他什么时候回来。</p><p>　　形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.　 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。</p><p>　　介词宾语：　That depends on where we shall go.</p><p>　　那取决于我们去哪儿。</p><p>　　2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：</p><p>　　It is not yet decided who will do that job.</p><p>　　还没决定谁做这项工作。</p><p>　　It remains unknown when they are going to get married.　 他们何时结婚依然不明。</p><p>　　17.4 if, whether引导的名词从句</p><p>　　1）yes-no型疑问从句</p><p>　　从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：</p><p>　　主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。</p><p>　　宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.　请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。</p><p>　　表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.　问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。</p><p>　　同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.　他们调查他是否值得信赖。</p><p>　　形容词宾语： Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.　 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。</p><p>　　介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.　　我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。</p><p>　　2）选择性疑问从句</p><p>　　选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成，例如：</p><p>　　Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。</p><p>　　I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。</p><p>　　17.5 否定转移</p><p>　　1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。</p><p>　　I dont think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。</p><p>　　I don t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。</p><p>　　注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。</p><p>　　I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。</p><p>　　2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。</p><p>　　It doesnt seem that they know where to go.</p><p>　　看来他们不知道往哪去。</p><p>　　It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.</p><p>　　看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。</p><p>　　3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。</p><p>　　I dont remember having ever seen such a man.</p><p>　　我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)</p><p>　　Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.</p><p>　　在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。</p><p>　　(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)</p><p>　　4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。</p><p>　　The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.　(否定状语)　蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。</p><p>　　He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。</p><p>　　She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.　(否定状语many weeks)　她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。</p>