【概念】
前面说过从句简化的基本原则。第一条就是:省略连词、主语和Be动词;没有be动词的,直接用-ing分词形式。
这一条,在名词从句中反而更简单——
一、从句谓语部分,如果是主动语态,就简化为V-ing形式。
例1:His favorite pastime is that he goes fishing on weekends.
简化:His favorite pastime is going fishing on weekends.
简化的是表语从句。省略连词、主语,谓语动词goes简化成动名词going。
例2:That he didn't show up on time is his fault.
简化:Not showing up on time is his fault.
这里简化的是主语从句。从句原来是否定句,只要在动名词showing前加上not即可。
二、从句谓语部分,如果是被动语态,就简化成being +v-ed。
例3:That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult.
简化:Being called a liar is the greatest insult.
谓语动词是被动语态,就变成动名词的被动式being + v-ed。
三、从句谓语部分,如果是完成时态突出“先行发生”,则用having+v-ed。
例4:The student denied that he had cheated in the exam.
简化:The student denied having cheated in the exam.
谓语动词是完成时,突出动作先后。体现在动名词上也用完成式。
四、从句谓语部分,只有be动词,则简化为being。
例5:That one is a teacher requires a lot of patience.
简化:Being a teacher requires a lot of patience.
例6: That he was busy is no excuse for the negligence.
简化:Being busy is no excuse for the negligence.
这两句都是简化了主语从句。
【联系】
我们对“名词”的认识,不能仅仅停留在“单词词性”这个层面。从表达意义、做句子成分的角度,要有一个“广义名词”的概念——即:凡是能起到名词作用的语言形式和单位,都可以看作是“名词”。
也就是说,名词从句、动名词、不定式,包括数词、代词这些可以做句中主语宾语等名词成分的,都可以归入“广义名词”。
这样一来,我们思路再扩展一下思路,名词从句也可以简化如下:
例7:We are concerned about what is happening in this area.
(我们关注该地区在发生什么。)
简化:We are concerned about the situation in this area.
(我们关注该地区的形势。)
【小结】
今天我们学习了名词从句简化最基本的四种变化方式:
一、从句谓语部分,如果是主动语态,就简化为V-ing形式。
二、从句谓语部分,如果是被动语态,就简化成being + v-ed。
三、从句谓语部分,如果是完成时态突出“先行发生”,则用having+v-ed。
三、从句谓语部分,只有be动词,则简化为being。
【思考】
下面这个句子中包括一个同位语从句。根据同位语从句和先行名词的“同位关系”,你会如何简化这个句子?
I am afraid of the fact that my father can’t help you.
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