The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harderfor amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing,first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the20th century.

　　【词汇突破】

　　reinforced 加强

　　introduction 引入和制定

　　refereeing 推荐制度

　　journal 期刊

　　【主干识别】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geologicaljournals harder for amateurs 主系表结构。

　　The overall result主语

　　has been系动词

　　to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs

　　不定式做表语

　　【其他成分】a result 同位语(补充说明前面的表语)

　　that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by nationaljournals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.

　　(定语从句补充说明result)

　　【译文赏析】这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难了，而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果，该种制度先被19世纪的国家级刊物引入，在20世纪，又被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。