Felisa Wolfe-Simon, 33, of NASA's Astrobiology Institute, is the lead author of a landmark 2010 paper

about a new species of bacterium in California's arsenic-rich Mono Lake, a place no ordinary microbe has

any business living. But her microbes are not ordinary — replacing the phosphorus that's usually used as

a building block of proteins with arsenic. That's the kind of paradigm-shifting biology scientists might look

for in searching for life on other worlds. Some biologists dismiss the findings, claiming the research

methods were flawed. But Wolfe-Simon stands by her work — and she too has shifted a paradigm. Even

her detractors newly accept that the search for cosmic life need no longer include the "as we know it"

qualifier.