Due to an unfortunate teleportation malfunction, this mad scientist has just found himself in the vacuum of space.
由于不幸的传送故障，这位疯狂的科学家刚发现自己身在太空的真空中。
With no oxygen, he might be tempted to hold his breath, but this would only accelerate his demise.
由于没有氧气，他可能会想屏住呼吸，但这只会加速他的死亡。
The air in his lungs is desperate to expand, so if he doesn't release it right away, his lungs will rupture.
他肺里的空气急于膨胀，因此，如果不立即释出，肺就会破裂。
Our poor professor quickly exhales, and his skin's tensile strength prevents the rest of his body from bursting, but things are still looking grim.
我们可怜的教授很快地呼了口气，皮肤的抗张强度可防止其余的身体部位爆裂，但情况看起来仍然严峻。
Without surrounding air pressure, his bodily fluids begin to vaporize in a process called ebullism.
如果没有气压围绕，他的体液就会开始蒸发，这个过程叫做体液沸腾。
His skin swells, moist surfaces like his eyes start to boil, and bubbles form within his vessels, obstructing blood flow.
他的皮肤肿胀，像眼睛这样的潮湿表面开始沸腾，血管内形成气泡，阻碍血液流动。
This is all exceptionally painful, but while these nightmarish effects will take roughly 90 seconds to reach their deadly conclusion, he'll mercifully pass out from lack of oxygen within about 15 seconds of arriving.
And even though space is barely above the temperature of absolute zero, our scientist won't die by freezing.
尽管太空温度仅略高于绝对零度，但是我们的科学家不会是被冻死的。
Because unlike on Earth, where body heat can transfer to molecules in the environment, in space it can only leave by slowly radiating away.
因为与在地球上不同，在地球上，人体的热量可以传递给环境中的分子，而在太空中，它只能慢慢地散发出去。
It'll take hours before our professor becomes a human popsicle, and by then, he'll have perished a long time ago.
我们的教授要几个小时才会变成人冰棍，到那时，他早就死了。
Now, had our scientist planned his teleportation to space, he certainly would have dressed for the occasion.
现在，如果我们的科学家计划将他传送到太空，肯定会穿上适合场合的衣服。
Let's imagine he arrived in a spacesuit instead.
想象一下他改为穿航天服抵达。
The suit's pressurized air protects his body from ebullism, its oxygen tank keeps him breathing, and the insulation prevents him from freezing.
航天服的加压空气保护他的身体免受体液沸腾，氧气罐让他保持呼吸，隔热材料防止他冻僵。
But although these features thwart an immediate tragedy, space is still an incredibly dangerous place.
虽然这些功能阻止了眼下的悲剧，但是太空仍然是一个极其危险的地方。
Outside the shield of Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere, our scientist is bombarded by galactic cosmic rays— a form of radiation believed to come from distant supernovas.
If he's exceptionally unlucky, he might be hit by solar energetic particles expelled from the Sun.
如果特别倒霉，他可能会被太阳喷发的太阳高能粒子击中。
Both these forms of ionizing radiation effortlessly pass through the scientist's suit, damaging his DNA and increasing his risk of cancer.
这两种形式的电离辐射都能轻易穿过科学家的航天服，破坏他的DNA并增加他患癌的风险。
But let's say our mad scientist isn't so mad at all.
但是，假设我们疯狂的科学家根本就没那么疯狂。
He's planned a month-long research expedition, complete with a cutting-edge spacecraft to live in.
他计划进行一次为期一个月的研究考察，配有一艘尖端的航天器以供住宿。
This structure protects him from low air pressure and temperature, as well as some of the radiation bouncing around space.
航天器可以保护他免受低气压、低温以及一些在太空四处反射的辐射的影响。
But even here, he's vulnerable to certain changes.
但即使在这里，他也容易受某些变化的影响。
In addition to experiencing motion sickness and sleep disturbances, microgravity changes the distribution of his blood and cerebrospinal fluid, shifting roughly half a gallon of internal fluids to his upper body.
除了晕动症和睡眠障碍，微重力还会改变他血液和脑脊液的分布，将大约半加仑的体液移到上半身。
As the weeks pass, his brain engorges and the sheath of his optic nerve swells.
数周过去，他大脑充血，视神经鞘肿胀。
This not only compresses his pituitary gland, but flattens the back of his eyes,
这不仅会压迫垂体，还会使眼后部变平，
impairing close distance vision.
损害近距离视力。
Having very little gravity to work against also causes muscles and bones all over his body to gradually lose mass.
几乎没有重力可以对抗也会导致他全身肌肉和骨骼的质量逐渐降低。
And when bones break down, they release minerals like calcium.
骨头分解时，会释放钙等矿物质。
So our professor might get kidney stones too.
因此我们的教授也可能会得肾结石。
Diet and exercise can help reduce the deterioration of his bones and muscles, but it's harder to address the potential damage to his mental health that comes from being confined to a tiny spacecraft, far away from his loved ones.
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