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1.Although和though

Though较不正式，两者都用来说明主句中发生的事情与状语从句中发生的事情有一个意想不到的对比

Although/though he failed to score himself, he helped Jones to score two goals.

也可以适用具有相似意思的despite the fact that/in spite of the fact that或in spite of /despite +doing sth.

Despite the fact that he failed to score himself…

In spite of him failing to score himself…

注意，在从句末尾可以用though, 但不用although

I eat most dairy products. I am not keen on yogurt, though.

在形容词+though+名词/代词+动词句型中，可以把形容词放在though之前以强调，as可以取代though,但不能用although

Hot though(或as) the night air was, they slept soundly.

Although/though the night air was hot, they slept soundly.

2.Even though和even if

Even though(不用even although) 可以用来表示despite the fact that(尽管…)的意思，even if表示whether or not （是否）的意思

Even though Tom doesn’t speak Italian, I think he should still visit Rome.

=Despite the fact that he doesn’t speak Italian…

(the speaker knows that Tom doesn’t speak Italian)

Even if Tom doesn’t speak Italian, I think he should still visit Rome.

=whether or not he speaks Italian

(the speaker doesn’tknow definitely whether tom speaks Italian or not)

Although,though之后可以用ing从句，过去分词从句，和省略了主语和动词的从句

Al(though) not huge, the garden needs constant attention. (=thought it is not huge…)