将于明年1月1日起实施的新修订《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》中第一百三十六条确立的“治安违法记录封存制度”近日引发关注，其中，因吸毒有治安处罚记录也在被封存的范围内引发热议。

一边是每年超800万曾受治安处罚群体对“摆脱终身标签”的期待，一边是公众对“记录封存是否等同于纵容违法”“是否为特定人群开绿灯”的担忧。

A newly revised provision in China's Public Security Administration Punishments Law, set to take effect on January 1 next year, has recently drawn public attention. Article 136 of the law establishes a "system for sealing records of public security offenses", and its application to individuals with records for drug use has become a particular point of discussion.

The revision reflects the expectations of over 8 million people annually who receive public security penalties — hoping to "shed lifelong labels" — while also raising public concerns over whether "sealing records equates to condoning illegal behavior" or "creates exceptions for specific groups".

《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》第一百三十六条：违反治安管理的记录应当予以封存，不得向任何单位和个人提供或者公开，但有关国家机关为办案需要或者有关单位根据国家规定进行查询的除外。依法进行查询的单位，应当对被封存的违法记录的情况予以保密。

Article 136 states: "Records of public security offenses shall be sealed and must not be provided or disclosed to any unit or individual, except when relevant state authorities require them for case handling or when relevant units conduct inquiries according to state regulations. Units that lawfully inquire into such records must maintain confidentiality regarding the sealed offense records."



法规中可以看出，治安违法记录封存针对的是“尚不构成刑事处罚”的行政违法行为，如吸毒、殴打他人、赌博等，核心是“限制公开与常规查询”，记录本身仍完整留存于公安系统，并未被彻底删除；以吸毒行为为例，若仅因吸食少量毒品被行政拘留，其记录适用封存制度；若因走私、贩卖毒品构成犯罪，则需纳入刑事犯罪记录管理，不适用此封存规则。

As the regulation clarifies, the sealing of offense records applies to administrative violations that "do not constitute criminal offenses", such as drug use, assault, and gambling. The core principle is "restricting public access and routine inquiries" — the records themselves remain intact within the public security system and are not permanently deleted.

Taking drug use as an example, if an individual is administratively detained for consuming a small quantity of drugs, their record qualifies for sealing. However, if the individual is involved in drug trafficking or manufacturing, which constitutes a criminal offense, the case falls under criminal record management and is ineligible for sealing.



北京大学法学院研究员 人权法与人道法研究中心主任 赵宏：吸毒行为是违法，不是犯罪。犯罪，比如说贩毒，或是说制造毒品，这些是犯罪行为，刑法对于这类行为的打击力度是很大的，但吸食毒品行为，它本来就是一个治安违法行为。法律上来说，如果吸食毒品，治安管理处罚法对他的处罚就是最高15天的拘留处罚。



中国人民公安大学侦查学院教授 包涵：立法本身并没有纵容吸毒者的意思，没有任何纵容，或者说希望他完全不受法律惩戒这种意思。



此外，一些公众担忧，“邻居吸毒记录封存会侵犯自己安全权”，对此记者了解到，目前我国对吸毒人员的管理一直实行“动态管控”，公安机关会对戒毒人员进行定期回访、检测。同时专家表示，公众的安全权需要保障，但不应建立在牺牲他人隐私权与人格尊严的基础上。

Addressing public concerns that "sealing a neighbor’s drug record could compromise personal safety", experts highlighted that China maintains a "dynamic management" system for drug users, whereby public security authorities conduct regular follow-ups and testing of individuals undergoing rehabilitation. Furthermore, experts noted that while public safety rights must be safeguarded, they should not come at the expense of others’ privacy and personal dignity.



北京大学法学院研究员 人权法与人道法研究中心主任 赵宏：禁毒法里面都明确规定说，对吸毒人员我们要提供给他回归社会的一个机会。封存并不意味着我们要对吸毒行为进行法律上的轻纵，好像我们放弃了对吸毒行为的打击、对于毒品的管控，不能把这两个事情纠缠在一起。



法学专家介绍，记录封存并不是“风险隐身”，公众担心的“吸毒者从事高危职业”问题，目前在法律层面已有多重防线，记录封存不会削弱职业准入监管。我国《机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定》《幼儿园工作规程》《保安服务管理条例》等多部法律法规，已对网约车司机、幼师、保安等关键岗位作出“无吸毒记录”的准入要求，这些均属于《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》中 “有关单位根据国家规定查询”的法定情形。比如幼儿园招聘时，可依据《幼儿园工作规程》依法查询应聘者的吸毒记录，记录虽被封存，但法定监管需求不受影响。

Legal experts clarified that sealing records does not equate to "risk invisibility". Regarding public worries about "drug users entering high-risk professions," multiple legal safeguards are already in place. Many regulations stipulate that certain positions — including ride-hailing drivers, kindergarten teachers, and security personnel — require "no drug use history."

These scenarios fall under the "inquiries by relevant units according to state regulations" exception outlined in the Public Security Administration Punishments Law. For instance, during kindergarten recruitment, authorities may legally check applicants' drug use records in accordance with the relevant regulations. Although records are sealed, statutory regulatory requirements remain unaffected.



中国人民公安大学侦查学院教授 包涵：违法的记录，包括犯罪的记录，是被我们的执法机关包括司法机关登记在案的，并没有说完全消除，我们并没有建立前科消除这样的制度，从来没有说一个人基于这种封存，他之前的违法记录就消失了。

譬如说道路交通管理法等等之类的这样一些行政立法里头，已经禁止譬如说吸毒者去开校车，或者拿运送危险化学品等等之类的，或者他拿驾照本身就是要受一些限制的。也就是说治安管理处罚法的违法记录封存，并不影响执法机关去依法登记吸毒人员，也不影响在戒毒的过程当中对他们的信息进行保护，而这些立法已经在很早以前就确立了。



此外，还有人担心警方“不再通报艺人吸毒案件”，导致“涉毒行为隐匿化”，削弱警示效果。专家表示，其实封存记录并不意味着保护某些特定人群，而是对所有人的同等保护。

Responding to concerns that police may "no longer disclose drug-related cases involving celebrities," thereby reducing deterrence, experts emphasized that record sealing is designed to provide equal protection for all individuals, not to shield specific groups.



北京大学法学院研究员 人权法与人道法研究中心主任 赵宏：有违法前科的，或者有犯罪前科的人，他在宪法上也是有人格尊严的，他不是说对某一种人、某一类人的特别保护，而是对所有的人的保护，这里面也包括对有违法前科者的保护。封存的意义其实在很大程度上体现的就是我们法律从此前的重罚重刑，开始向法治文明转变。

来源：央视新闻