A new study says hurricanes in the United States are hundreds of times deadlier than government estimates say.
一项新的研究表明，美国的飓风造成的死亡人数是政府估计的数百倍。
In fact, the research finds, they result in more American deaths over the long term than car accidents or wars.
事实上，研究发现，从长远来看，飓风在美国导致的死亡人数超过了车祸或战争。
The study found the average storm that hits the U.S. contributes to the early deaths of 7,000 to 11,000 people over a 15-year period.
研究发现，在15年的时间里，袭击美国的风暴导致7000至11000人早逝。
Solomon Hsiang is a climate scientist at Stanford University in California.
所罗门·祥是加州斯坦福大学的气候科学家。
Hsiang co-wrote the study with Rachel Young of the University of California Berkeley.
祥与加州大学伯克利分校的雷切尔·杨共同撰写了这项研究。
"After each storm there is sort of this surge of additional mortality in a state that's been impacted that has not been previously documented or associated with hurricanes in any way," Hsiang said.
The research considers hurricane deaths in a new way: through examination of long-term public health and economic effects of what is called excess mortality.
这项研究以一种新的方式看待飓风导致的死亡：它检查了长期的公共健康和所谓的超额死亡率造成的经济影响。
The investigators looked at individual state death rates following 501 separate storms in the United States between 1930 and 2015.
调查人员研究了1930年至2015年期间501场不同的风暴过后，美国各州的死亡率。
Their research shows a sudden rise or "bump" in death rates after each storm.
他们的研究表明，每次暴风雨过后，死亡率都会突然上升或“增加”。
Similar examinations are done for heat waves and other health threats like pollution and disease, Hsiang said.
祥说，对于热浪和其他健康威胁，如污染和疾病，也进行了类似的检查。
They compare death rates to pre-storm times while accounting for other influences that could be causing change to those rates, he said.
他说，他们将死亡率与风暴前的时间进行比较，同时考虑到可能导致这些死亡率变化的其他影响因素。
Hsiang said additional research is needed to learn how storms contribute to deaths after the bad weather passes.
祥说，还需要进行更多的研究，以了解恶劣天气过后，风暴是如何导致死亡的。
But he theorized that storms cause major stress as well as environmental changes, including the spread of poisonous substances.
但他的理论认为，暴风雨会造成巨大的压力和环境变化，包括有毒物质的传播。
He also said the economic cost of storms can leave people unable to pay for health care and other necessities.
他还说，风暴的经济成本可能会让人们无法支付医疗保健和其他必需品的费用。
"When someone dies a few years after a hurricane hit them, the cause will be recorded as a heart attack, stroke or respiratory failure," said Texas A and M University climate scientist Andrew Dessler.
He was not part of the study but has done similar research on heat and cold deaths.
他并没有参与这项研究，不过曾对中暑和感冒死亡进行过类似的研究。
Hsiang said he and Young were surprised when they examined hundreds of bumps and found they stretch out over 15 years.
祥说，检查过数百次死亡率增加后，他和杨都很惊讶，发现死亡率上升延续了15年。
It's "almost like a trickle of mortality, like each month we're talking about five to 10 individuals who are dying earlier than they would have otherwise," Hsiang said.
祥说，“感觉就像死亡细流，每个月都有5到10个人提早死去。”
These deaths are of people who did not realize their health issues were connected to storms that took place years earlier.
这些死亡的人并不知道他们的健康问题与几年前发生的风暴有关。
But, Hsiang said, that is what the data shows: "They would not have died at those times had the storm not arrived."
但是，祥说，数据就是这么显示的：“如果没有风暴，他们那个时候本不会死的。”
The numbers proved so high that the researchers kept looking for mistakes in their work.
这些数字非常高，以至于研究人员一直怀疑是自己工作中出现了失误。
"It took years for us to really fully accept that this was happening," Hsiang said.
“过了很多年我们才接受这个事实，”祥说。
Storms are a factor in between 55,000 to 88,000 excess deaths each year, the study found.
研究发现，暴风雨是每年导致5.5万至8.8万人额外死亡的一个因素。
Over the 85 years included in the study, the team found that between 3.6 million and 5.2 million people died in connection with storm experience.
在被研究的85年里，研究小组发现，有360万到520万人死于与风暴有关的经历。
That is more than the two million car accident deaths over that same period, the study said.
研究称，这一数字超过了同期的车祸死亡人数200万人。
Hsiang said he and Young saw a trend of increasing hurricane-connected deaths, mostly as a result of population growth.
祥说，他和杨看到的与飓风有关的死亡人数增加，主要原因是人口增长。
Beginning in 2000, there was a big jump in the total volume of storms hitting large populations, he said.
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